Philoclopedia
Relativitätstheorie
Die Relativitätstheorie befasst sich mit der Struktur von Raum und Zeit, dem Verhalten von Masse in selbigen (SRT) und setzt das alles in Abhängigkeit zur Gravitation (ART).
Rückblick
Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts fußte das naturwissenschaftliche Verständnis von Raum, Zeit und Gravitation noch auf der newtonschen Physik. Die newtonsche Physik malte uns ein Bild des Universums mit Raum und Zeit als absolute, d.h. unveränderliche und voneinander unabhängige Größen. Die Gravitation zeichnete er als Kraft zwischen zwei Massepunkten.
Überblick
In den Jahren von 1905 bis 1916 erfuhren diese Auffassungen dann eine radikale Revolution, ausgelöst durch eben jene Relativitätstheorie. Der theoretische Physiker Albert Einstein war maßgeblich an ihr beteiligt.
Die nächsten Abschnitte werden versuchen, die Grundlagen der Relativitätstheorie zusammenzufassen. Dabei muss der Prägnanz wegen auf Erläuterungen und Details verzichtet werden. Sie finden jedoch unter jedem Abschnitt Hinweise zu weiterführende Aufsätze. Falls Sie sich also näher für eines der aufregenden Phänomene der RT interessieren, klicken Sie sich einfach weiter.
1. Spezielle Relativitätstheorie
Häufig wird behauptet, Einstein habe Newton widerlegt. Das ist falsch, er verbesserte ihn lediglich durch eine allgemeinere Theorie. Mit seiner speziellen Relativitätstheorie entlarvte Albert Einstein nämlich Raum, Zeit und Bewegung als relative Größen. Die newtonsche Physik war damit entthront und ist in Einsteins Theorie nur noch als ein besonderer Grenzfall enthalten.
Doch nicht nur das, die spezielle Relativitätstheorie kann uns auch zeigen, dass Raum und Zeit gar nicht unabhängig voneinander existieren. Vielmehr verschmelzen die beiden in der SRT zu einer einheitlichen Raumzeit.
Auch die Masse M und die Energie E erwiesen sich in ihrer weltbekannten Gleichung (s.o.) als zwei Seiten derselben Medaille. Zusammengehalten werden diese schließlich noch durch die Lichtgeschwindigkeit C, die entgegen allen anderen relativen Bewegungen und Geschwindigkeiten immer konstant und unabhängig vom Bezugsystem ist.
2. Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie
Elf Jahre später entwarf Einstein seine Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie. Diese berücksichtigt auch die Fälle, in denen die Gravitation eine Rolle spielt. In zehn Feldgleichungen verwarf Einstein den newtonschen Gedanken, Gravitation sei eine Kraft, die sich ohne Zeitverlust ausbreite. Anstelle dessen fasst er die Gravitation als Eigenschaft der gekrümmten Raumzeit auf. Materie krümmt das Raumzeit-Kontinuum und so entsteht Schwerkraft.
Das Schwerefeld kann man sich wie eine unsichtbare, gespannte Gummihaut vorstellen. Liegt nun ein massereicher Körper, etwa eine Sonne, in ihm, wird sie gekrümmt. Dementsprechend drückt sich auch die Gummihaut ein, wenn man einen Ball auf sie legt. Infolge der derart modifizierten Geometrie der Raumzeit ändert sich sogar der augenscheinlich so geradlinige Verlauf der Lichtstrahlen, die von den Massekörpern ausgehen. Erfasst vom Schwerefeld sucht sich der Lichtstrahl nun einen neuen, kürzstmöglichen Weg. Aus diesem Grund können wir auch noch die Sterne sehen, die sich eigentlich knapp hinter dem Sonnenrand verbergen.
3. Ausblick
Man kann sich wieder und wieder mit der Relativitätstheorie befassen und wird trotzdem niemals zu dem Gefühl kommen, alle ihre Konsequenzen durchgedacht zu haben. So geht es zumindest mir, immer wieder aufs Neue stehe ich vor Situationen, bei denen ich nicht weiß, wie man sie sich gemäß der RT denken soll. Oder die einem immer noch extrem komisch und unreal vorkommen.
Dabei lassen sich die Vorgänge und Eigenschaften innerhalb der Relativitätstheorie mathematisch unglaublich präzise beschreiben und gehören zu den bestbestätigten in der Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. Dies klassifiziert sie, zusammen mit der Quantentheorie, als eine der besten Theorien der Gegenwart.
Zusammen mit der Quantentheorie stellt die Relativitätstheorie eine der zwei tragenden Säulen der modernen Physik dar. Beide gingen ursprünglich aus der newtonschen Physik hervor, enthalten diese immer noch als Spezialfall und erfüllen somit das Korrespondenzprinzip. Die Bemühungen vieler Physiker gelten dieser Tage der Vereinigung dieser beiden Säulen, wobei meist versucht wird die Relativitätstheorie in die Quantentheorie zu integrieren, und nicht andersrum.
In den Quantenfeldtheorien konnte man bereits die spezielle Relativitätstheorie mit der Quantentheorie und im Rahmen des heutigen Standardmodells der Physik einen. Der noch außenstehenden Quantentheorie, die auch noch die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie bzw. die Gravitation mit ins Boot nimmt, will man dann den Namen Quantengravitationstheorie geben.
4. Verweise
- Intelligenz: Albert Einstein war ein sehr intelligenter Mensch. Intelligenz aber ist kein reines Bücherwissen und nicht bloß das Resultat testorientiertem Spezialtrainings. Es ist vielmehr eine breite und tiefe Begabung zum Verständnis unbekannter Problemfelder.
- Raum und Zeit: Die Relativitätstheorie hat uns dem Wesen von Raum und Zeit erheblich näher gebracht. Sie kann aber nicht das letzte Wort gewesen sein, wie sich beispielsweise an Schwarze Löchern zeigen lässt.
- Sprache: Issac Newton meinte noch: “Die absolute, wahre und mathematische Zeit verfließt an sich und vermöge ihrer Natur gleichförmig, und ohne Beziehung auf irgendeinen äußeren Gegenstand.” Wir wissen es heute besser. Außerdem ist die Aussage „die absolute Zeit fließt gleichförmig“ tautologisch. Sie hat keinen Informationswert, da die absolute Zeit per definitonem immer gleichförmig fließt. Weil, wie könnte man den gleichmäßigen Fluss einer absoluten Zeit überprüfen, wen nicht mit der absoluten Zeit selbst und wie könnte uns ihr Fluss in diesem Fall anders erscheinen, als gleichmäßig? Ähnliches gelte für einen absoluten Raum, der beispielsweise nicht relativ ist. Was Raum und Zeit aber nach unserem heutigen Verständnis sei, geht vollkommen gegen das, was man intuitiv annehmen würde: Raum und Zeit sind keine Bühne, vor deren Hintergrund sich alles Materielle abspielt. Vielmehr sind Raum und Zeit intrinsische Eigenschaften der Materie, die ohne sie gar nicht existieren würde.
- Unser Problem: Was für die unanschauliche Quantenwelt gilt, gilt in abgeschwächter Form also auch für die Relativitätstheorie: Sie entspricht nicht unsere Alltagsmeinung und Intuition. Was sie aber nicht falsch macht. Wir erleben im Alltag nun mal so etwas wie die newtonsche Welt, sprich keine schnellen Bewegungen, keine kleine Skalen. Deshalb ist man auch lange Zeit so gut mit Newton gefahren. In weniger alltäglichen Situationen aber, wie etwa am Rande supermassiver schwarzer Löcher oder im Inneren eines Atoms, versagt Newtons Physik. Spätestens an dieser Stelle braucht es dann die Quantentheorie, und die Relativitätstheorie.
Stand: 2015
Hiroji kurihara (Freitag, 13 Mai 2022 10:48)
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Does gravity always act as action? Is inertial force always reaction? It is a problem statement. As an example, there is an elevator cabin in free fall (mass is m).
Hiroji kurihara (Donnerstag, 12 Mai 2022 00:18)
Newton's Third Law of Motion
As an action and reaction, there are two examples about gravity. One is normal force. The other is Inertial force in free fall. The two should be accepted qualitatively and quantitatively.
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 10 Mai 2022 04:11)
Reviewing the Heliocentric Theory
Motion of earth is various, such as rotation, revolution, uniform linear motion of solar system, and others. And there is aberration to each. These are reflection of motions relative to uniform isotropic aether. Qualitative and quantitative.
Hiroji kurihara (Donnerstag, 05 Mai 2022 00:45)
Free fall (rewrited)
A body is falling in free fall. On a horizontal plane, an observer is moving in a uniform linear motion. To the observer, the falling body draws a parabola. Every point of the body is accelerating.
An elevator is falling in free fall. Assume, that there are two sources of gravity and there is a considerable distance between the two (even when viewed from elevator). How does equivalence principle explain ?
Hiroji kurihara (Montag, 25 April 2022 03:25)
Perihelion shift of Mercury
In a close binary, gravity of main star is acting on companion star. Magnitude of gravity is inversely proportional to square of distance. Therefore, if size of companion star is large, gravity that acting is somewhat larger (even if mass is the same).
Note: Here is a horizontal line. From the right, gravity of main star is acting. On the line, we see three masses. Mass of right and left is m/2 and middle is m (interval is the same). Magnitude of gravity acting will be m<m/2+m/2
Hiroji kurihara (Samstag, 23 April 2022 02:31)
Perihelion shift of Mercury
Here is a close binary. A companion star approaches the main star and is passing the periastron on orbit. Actual orbit of companion star is different from orbit of mass point of it. Difference will be due mainly to size of companion star (mass distribution).
Hiroji kurihara (Donnerstag, 21 April 2022 05:52)
Perihelion shift of Mercury
5.75, 2.04, 11.45. These are observed value of perihelion shift of Mercury, Venus, and Earth (in a table of a website. Value are in arcsec/year. Table covers to Neptune). The decrease in Venus will be due to distance from the Sun, and the increase in Earth will be due to the Moon.
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 19 April 2022 01:38)
Perihelion shift of Mercury (an essay)
Scaled models of Mercury and Vulcan (of my post, April 7) are falling in free fall. Magnitude of acceleration is probably Mercury > Vulcan > mass point. At the beginning of falling, centers of gravity of three models are at the same horizontal level.
A web-site says, periastron shift are many in close binaries. This will be a two body problem.
Hiroji kurihara (Montag, 11 April 2022 01:26)
Perihelion shift of Mercury
Recurring orbits seem to show that this is a two body problem.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 10 April 2022 02:58)
Perihelion shift of Mercury
Mercury is perihelion shift and binary star is periastron shift. Two shifts are smooth and in one direction. Two each must be considered to be a two body problem.
See again that table (in 近点移動). Values are observed values. And these each will be two body problem.
Hiroji kurihara (Donnerstag, 07 April 2022 10:05)
Perihelion shift of Mercury
In Wikipedia (in Japanese version : "Apsidal precession" 近点移動), there is
a table named "Perihelion shirt of planets of solar system". These
varies greatly depending on the distance from the sun and the
presence or absence of satellites. Newcomb's table and explanation
of relativity would be NG.
A planet called Vulcan is revolving the orbit of Mercury. Assume
that mass is the same and diameter is half to Mercury. The
gravitational force of the Sun and the centrifugal force due to the
orbital motion each would be Mercury > Vulcan > mass point.
Newcomb's table of perturbation values of the planets acting on Mercury should be nonsense.
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 29 März 2022 07:17)
Stationary aether
In outer space, an observer (in an inertial frame) is measuring light of stars. The number of stars being measured is reasonable and there is no clumping of stars on celestial sphere. What is measured is frequency and wavelength of each star’s light, i.e., speed of light. The results will reveal the existence of stationary aether.
Note: Existence of stationary aether is not in doubt due to aberration.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 20 März 2022 01:12)
Accelerated motion & light
On the moon’s surface, a passenger car is accelerating to the right. A starlight (horizontal) is passing through a hole A in the front wall, and reaches B in the rear wall of the passenger car. Frequencies of A and B will be the same. Therefore, number of waves existing between A and B will be constant (even at different accelerations). Above is not only for uniform acceleration but also for non-uniform acceleration.
On the moon’s surface, a passenger car is accelerating to the right. A light emitted from light source A’ in the front wall reaches B in the rear wall. What is frequency of A’B ? How many waves exist between A’B ?
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 13 März 2022 01:49)
Bending of light (by gravity)
Light will not be bent by gravity. Because…
1) At the center of Milky Way galaxy (where we live), it’s said that a black hole exists. Around it, several stars are revolving. These orbits seem to be natural.
2) How about a star, before it is occulted by the moon or Jupiter ?
Hiroji kurihara (Freitag, 11 März 2022 03:08)
Perihelion shift of Mercury (an essay）
Perihelion shift of Mercury is about 574 arcsec per century, and main cause is said to be perturbations due to the gravity of other planets (Venus is about 280 arcsec, Jupiter is about 150 arcsec).
There is a question. At the left end and the right end of the orbit of Mercury (a view from above), force that accelerates and decelerates Mercury by perturbation by other planets will be equal (in probability). Especially in the span of the century. Main cause will not be gravity of other planets.
P.S. Perturbations of other planets will be caused only by the position of these on the orbits (and speed of gravity will be infinite).
Hiroji kurihara (Freitag, 18 Februar 2022)
Aberration on the moon
Many of widely accepted explanations for aberration will be right if these are on the moon. Illustration of raindrops and an umbrella will be OK. But as already mentioned, aberration on the earth is completed in the upper atmosphere. The explanation for aberration of earth must be rewritten.
Aberration (both on the moon and on the earth) is incompatible with constançy of the speed of light, and existence of aether is a prerequisite.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 13 Februar 2022 03:15)
Selected notices in English
28 selected notices (anti relativity) in English are added in a site below. Yes, these are selected.
http://www.asyura.com/0306/idletalk2/msg/1242.html
Hiroji kurihara (Mittwoch, 19 Januar 2022 08:15)
34 notices on anti-relativity
Shown below (mine, selected) will be simple, certain and acceptable (sorry, in Japanese : 1-36 excluding 11&36).
http://www.asyura.com/0306/idletalk2/msg/1242.html
Hiroji kurihara (Samstag, 11 Dezember 2021 09:30)
Inertial force is not fictitious
On a plane (without friction), a body is pulled to the left by two strings and to the right by one string. The tension of each string is the same F. That is, the body is accelerating to the left. Inertial force is not fictitious (Newton's third law of motion holds at the left end of the body).
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 05 Dezember 2021 04:10)
Time dilation
A point light source is shining (frequency is constant). Two spacecrafts are moving away from the light source in opposite directions at the same speed (three are on a straight line). Two spacecrafts are receiving light of the same frequency. There is no time dilation.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 05 Dezember 2021 04:01)
Gravitational time dilation
Laser beam (frequency is constant) emitted from the ground is reflected by the mirror at the top of the high tower, and returned to the ground. Frequency at these three points is the same. There is no time dilation.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 05 Dezember 2021 03:57)
Acceleration and non-acceleration
A passenger car is moving in a uniform accelerated motion to the right. In the car, a ray of light emitted downward from the roof will be bent to the left (as a parabola). Defference of acceleration and non-acceleration is not relative (but absolute).
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 05 Dezember 2021 03:55)
Acceleration and non-acceleration
A passenger car is accelerating to the right. In the car, lights (frequency is constant) are emitted from light source settled on rear and front walls, and at the center of the car, interference fringes are observed. Varying of interference fringes will reflect varying of acceleration. Sagnac effect like will also occur in a straight line.
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 23 November 2021 23:14)
About Light
Allow me to re-post as an essay.
◎ How are light waves propagated ?
1) Emission theory (for a few seconds only)
2) On aether (after the above)
◎ How are light sources visible ?
1) For celestial bodies beyond a few light-years, effect of emission theory is too small to be found (e.g. binary stars). So, every celestial body is visible to be stationary on aether (celestial sphere). Also by various aberrations.
2) Moon is by emission theory.
3) Celestial bodies in solar system (excluding moon) are depending on planetary aberrations. Also, depending on other aberrations (but, is secular aberration offset ?).
◎ Motion of light relative to observers
Same as bodies. Follows Galilean transformation. Constancy of speed of light cannot be hypothesized. By the way, light waves (speed = fλ) and photons (rays) are basically different. Especially in outer space.
Hiroji kurihara (Donnerstag, 04 November 2021 05:32)
Acceleration and non-acceleration
A passenger car is moving in an accelerated motion to the right. A light source is set at rear of the car and a measurement device is at front. The number of light waves in the car will be higher than before accelerating. The difference between acceleration and non-acceleration will be physical difference.
P.S. Inside of the car is vacuum.
Hiroji kurihara (Mittwoch, 03 November 2021 02:50)
Speed of light
In outer space, plane waves of starlight are coming from just above. A spacecraft is sailing horizontally. What should we think of speed of the spacecraft relative to light waves (c=fλ) and relative to photons (light rays)?
Hiroji kurihara (Montag, 01 November 2021 00:38)
Speed of light (an essay)
The defined value of speed of light is based on measurements (with wavelength and frequency) done by Evenson et al. in 1973. Error is 1.1 m / s in pramai. Now measuring instrument is separated into a measuring part and a light source part. When one of them is moved at a constant speed higher than above error (in the direction of light path), different value will be obtained.
Hiroji kurihara (Montag, 01 November 2021 00:33)
Speed of light (an essay)
The defined value of speed of light is based on measurements (with wavelength and frequency) done by Evenson et al. in 1973. Error is 1.1 m / s in pramai. Now measuring instrument is separated into a measuring part and a light source part. When one of them is moved at a constant speed higher than above error (in the direction of light path), different value will be obtained.
Hiroji kurihara (Freitag, 29 Oktober 2021 01:45)
Free fall (an essay)
Rewriting of my past post (07 Sep 2021)
An elevator cabin is falling in free fall. Cabin is made up of n mass points (with the same mass of m). Imagine a single moment of falling.
Inertial force acting on each mass point is the same ma. No exceptions. On the other hand, magnitude of gravity acting on each mass point is not the same slightly. Difference depends on the position of the mass point.
P.S. For the entire cabin, magnitude of inertial force and gravity is equal.
Hiroji kurihara (Donnerstag, 21 Oktober 2021 03:57)
Lorentz contraction
Plane waves of starlight (wavelength is constant) is arriving from upper left 45 degrees. Two spacecrafts are sailing in the right and left directions. Number of waves hitting the front and rear ends (A and B) of each spacecraft is the same. Therefore, number of waves existing between A and B is invariant (for both spacecrafts, regardless of lateral motion). Lorentz contractions will be impossible.
Relativity of simultaneity will be impossible also.
Philoclopedia (Freitag, 08 Oktober 2021 17:24)
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-relativity?utm_source=dscfb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=dscfb
Hiroji kurihara (Mittwoch, 06 Oktober 2021 23:51)
Is Einstein’s theory of relativity a lie ?
Propagation of light follows the aether frame, the emission theory, and the air (mediums) frame. In any case, the speed of light varies for a moving observer.
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 07 September 2021 03:29)
Free fall (an essay)
An elevator cabin is falling in free fall. Cabin is made up of n mass points (with the same mass of m). Free fall is supposed to be a uniform acceleration.
Inertial force acting on each mass point is the same ma. No exceptions. On the other hand, magnitude of gravity acting on each mass point is not the same slightly. Difference depends on the position of the mass point.
P.S. For the entire cabin, magnitude of inertial force and gravity is equal.
Hiroji kurihara (Montag, 06 September 2021 05:50)
Supplement to my post (sep 4 2021)
Even in a resultant force, inertial force is inertial force, and gravity is gravity. Vector follows own law each and is inviolable.
Cabin is made by a 3D printer. Material is uniform.
On a plane (no fliction), elevator cabin is moving in a uniformly accelerated linear motion (to the right). Inertial force acting on every local area (mass is m) of the cabin is the same ma (vector is the same also).
Hiroji kurihara (Samstag, 04 September 2021 06:14)
Free fall (reexamination)
Problem of free fall in an elevator will be problem of resultant force of inertial force and gravity (nothing else). In any local area, it will be so also.
Note: Inertial forces acting on every local area of the cabin (supposition: mass of every local area is m) is the same ma.
Note: External force (gravity) and inertial force acting on entire cabin are equal (Newton’s second law and third law of motion). How about in local area ? To image will not be difficult.
Hiroji kurihara (Freitag, 20 August 2021 06:38)
Aberration (reexamination)
Aberration is caused by various motions of Earth relative to stationary aether (uniform isotropic). Light that enters upper air of Earth (from aether) is bent in the direction of motion of Earth. As a phenomenon, aberration is completed in the upper air. The same as refraction.
Therefore, illustration of raindrops and an umbrella is NG. Result of Airy’s experiment with a water-filled telescope is only natural. It is said that apparent displacement of stars is displaced in the direction of Earth’s motion, but in fact, it will be the opposite. You can check this by drawing light bending (in upper air) on a paper.
Hiroji kurihara (Samstag, 07 August 2021 02:32)
Aether
Existence of aether (uniform isotropic) is precondition for Newton's first and second laws of motion. There can be no other explanation.
Hiroji kurihara (Donnerstag, 15 Juli 2021 00:24)
Supplement to my post (July 10)
1) In space far from light source, propagation of light follows aether frame. See again various aberrations.
2) In space close to light source, propagation of light follows the emission theory. See again various facts.
3) In outer space, a mirror is moving at a uniform speed. Plane waves of light of a star are reflected by this mirror. 1) and 2) must be seen as facts.
Hiroji kurihara (Samstag, 10 Juli 2021 03:07)
Allow me to rewrite my post (25.April).
Constancy of speed of light (Reexamination)
Constancy of speed of light is not possible always. No, it will be
possible limitedly in the following two events only. Btw, speed of
light in mediums is not subject of this reexamination.
1) A measurement point and a light source are stationary in the same
inertial frame. Distance between the two is within a few light
seconds. Speed of light is c.
2) A measurement point is stationary in aether frame. Light
propagated in aether is coming to this point. Distance from the
light source is more than a few light sveconds. Speed of light will
not be c.
Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Hiroji kurihara (Montag, 31 Mai 2021 23:12)
It will be impossible
Constancy of light speed will be impossible. It will be clear if the formula c = f λ is looked at.
Equivalence principle will be impossible. It will be clear if the formula F = m a is looked at.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 25 April 2021 03:26)
Constancy of speed of light (Reexamination)
Constancy of speed of light is not possible always. No, it will be possible limitedly in the following two events only. Btw, speed of light in mediums is not subject of this reexamination.
1) A geometric point and a light source are in the same inertial frame. Distance between the two is supposed to be within a few light seconds.
2) A geometric point is stationary in aether frame. Light propagated in aether comes to this point. Distance from the light source is supposed to be more than a few light seconds.
Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 20 April 2021 04:44)
Constancy of speed of light will be impossible
Plane waves of light come from the upper left (in outer space) and is incident on two glass cubes A and B. A is stationary and B is moving upward at a constant speed. Wavelength of light in cubes is A > B. Since speed of coming light relative to the cubes is different, the wavelength in the cubes is also different.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 18 April 2021 01:56)
Constancy of speed of light will be impossible
Plane waves of light coming from the upper left are reflected to the upper right by an upward-facing mirror (in outer space). Generally, speed of the two lights is different, and angle of incidence and reflection is different. By the way, the other mirror is moving vertically. Constancy of speed of light will be impossible.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 04 April 2021 01:18)
Space and time will be absolute (a supposition)
Perhaps, space and time each will be absolute. Each will not be affected by any phenomenon or situation (at all). If so, relativity is impossible.
Hiroji kurihara (Samstag, 27 März 2021 02:00)
About emission theory
For a few seconds only after emission, light follows the emission theory. After that, light follows aether frame. In the light emitted from Earth, Moon is in the area where the emission theory is valid.
Hiroji kurihara (Freitag, 26 März 2021 22:57)
Propagation of light (I say again)
Light is propagated in three ways (as follows).
1. In mediums, speed of light is c/n. MM experiment (done in air) is nonsense.
2. In outer space, a star light is reflected by a mirror. Speed of incident light is constant relative to aether.
3. In outer space, a star light is reflected by a mirror. Speed of reflected light is constant relative to the mirror (the emission theory).
In three pictures sbove each, speed of light to a moving observer follows Galilean transformation.
Hiroji kurihara (Mittwoch, 17 März 2021 04:08)
Constancy of speed of light
Basic problem seems to be left in speed measurement (also in wavelength measurement) of light. A thought experiment below will be free from the problem.
Remind Fizeau measurement of light with one gear. This thought experiment done on moon’s surface is with two gears. A device telescope-like is pointed at a star, and star light is visible through two gears (the two are placed on front and rear of the device). When two gears start rotation (rotation speed of the two is the same), and speed increases, starlight will disappear.
Note: By measurements of plural stars, existence of aether will emerge.
Hiroji kurihara (Sonntag, 14 März 2021 10:35)
Constancy of speed of light
Light of a star arriving in space is being reflected by a mirror. Speed of reflected light relative to the mirror is c. Speed of incident light relative to the mirror is also c? Since f of the two lights is the same, λ is also the same?
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 09 März 2021 08:49)
Secular aberration and aether : an essay (part 2)
Two phenomena will cancel each other out and Mars will be visible at right above. This total cancellation will be actual (regardless of direction and distance. imagine letter F and also distorted F). In other words, in the appearance of objects of solar system, positional shift due to secular aberration will be cancelled out.
Note : Ratio of horizontal lines to vertical line of letter F is the same in the sky and in a tube. It will be the same also in distorted F. ct: vt = ct’: vt'.
Hiroji kurihara (Dienstag, 09 März 2021 08:42)
Secular aberration and aether : an essay (part 1)
In my mind, an illustration of planetary aberration of Mars (I saw in a textbook) is even now attractive. Like that, is it possible to illustrate secular aberration of Mars ? The following is a prototype. Orbits of Mars and Earth are assumed to be parallel lines (as equal sign=). Mars is located right above Earth, and two stars are moving to the left at 30 km/sec. Geometric center of spherical waves of Mars does not move in the frame of aether. Therefore, light of Mars comes to Earth from slightly behind. On the other hand, aberration observed in hollow tube (located in outside the atmosphere) displaces the apparent position of Mars slightly forward.